Avian Influenza 
Shortened to AI, often called avian flu, bird flu or flu burung, can infect quickly, and can cause mortality in poultry of up to 100%.  This disease is caused by influenza type-A virus, sub type H5 and H7.  All poultry such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, pigeons and wild birds can be infected although AI often attacks chickens and turkeys.
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Bio-safety Level (BSL 3)
A level considered sufficient to prevent the transmission of an agent through the respiratory system, causing a serious infection. BSL-3 Laboratories are laboratories that fulfill international requirements in laboratory safety measures for examining live bacteria or viruses to ensure the safety of humans and the environment.
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Bio-security
All actions that form a first line of defense against outbreaks and are done to prevent the possibility of contact/infection from infected entities and the spread of disease.
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Confirmed Case
A confirmed case is a suspect case or probable case coupled with the presence of one of the following laboratory test results:

• Positive culture for H5N1 influenza virus
• Positive PCR assay for influenza (H5)
• Four-fold increase of H5 antibody titer

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Culling
The extermination of animals infected with AI virus by butchering or burning.
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Cluster
A cluster occurs when two or more people are confirmed with H5N1infection in the same location and timeframe. Clusters are of interestbecause they raise the possibility - but do not necessarily prove - thathuman-to-human transmission of the virus may have occurred.
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Depopulation
Or selective extermination, is acting to reduce the poultry population, which is the source of infections. This step is done at all infected farms which are established through clinical and pathological anatomic diagnosis on all poultry infected as well as on healthy poultry which share their living space.
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Epidemiology 
The study of distribution, determinants and frequency of disease (including other events related to health) in populations.
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Extraordinary Event
The appearance or increase of occurrences of pain/death that means that affects an area or group of society during a certain time, and is an event that could lead to the occurrence of an outbreak.
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FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization.
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Flu Burung
Term often used for Avian Influenza (see Avian Influenza definition).
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H5N1
A type-A influenza virus subtype/strain that in 1997 jumped from chickens to humans.
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High-Risk Group
Group of citizens defined according to their collective exposure which epidemiologically indicated an increasing risk of infection of a disease. In the case of bird flu, high-risk groups are animal farmers, animal-farm workers, poultry merchants, medical staffs and paramedics of animal healthcare, hospitals, labs and other medical facilities; owners of pet birds and communities near poultry farms.
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Human pandemic influenza (HPI)
A condition where influenza is prevalent in several countries in the world.
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ILI 
Influenza like illness are diseases that have symptoms similar to influenza that is fever, cough, cold, sore throat, headaches and muscle pains.
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Nosocomial Infection
Infection from bacteria or virus in hospitals, disease infection from patients treated in hospitals to other patients or hospital employees.
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OIE 
Office International des Epizooties (World Animal Health Organization) is an intergovernmental body on animal health that was established in 1924 and whose members now number 167 countries.
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Outbreak 
The spread of an infectious disease that occurs in relatively large numbers with the number of victims increasing at a rate greater than normal in a certain time and place that can also cause disaster.
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PPE 
Personnel Protection Equipment, equipment that must be worn by high-risk groups such as health workers, laboratory staff, those who regularly contact poultry/birds and animal-farm workers to prevent bird flu infection.
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Poskeswan 
Pos Kesehatan Hewan (Animal Health Post) is an animal healthcare service institution at the field level located in sub-districts. This institution’s function is to provide animal health services and artificial insemination.
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Probable Case
A probable case is similar to a suspect case with one of the following conditions:

• -Limited laboratory evidence suggesting the presence of Influenza A virus (H5N1), for example: Hemagglutination Inhibitation (HI) test using H5N1 antigen.
• -Within a short period the disease turns into pneumonial infection/respiratory failure/death.
• -There is no evidence suggesting other causes of death
  

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Re-assortment, Genetic
An event whereby there occurs a mixing of influenza genes in animal and humans which creates a new virus subtype.
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Reservoir animals 
Non-poultry animals which can be a source of AI virus development.
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Risk Communication 
Communication activities specialized for socializing various risks associated with Bird Flu and the possibility of human pandemic influenza in the future so that communities will be alert and won’t panic.
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Sector 1, 2, 3 and 4, Poultry Industry
The poultry farming system is divided into 4 sector categories based on type of business and bio-security level.

• Sector 1 is a comprehensive poultry system. This poultry industry group implements high-level bio-security and its products are commercially sold in urban areas or exported.
• Sector 2 is poultry business groups that enter the commercial poultry production system and implements mid- to high-level bio-security systems. Products are sold in urban and rural areas.
• Sector 3 is the group of poultry farm businesses which are almost identical to sector 2 but with low-level bio-security systems.
• Sector 4 is the group of poultry farms which still use the backyard system and lack bio-security systems. This type of poultry business is centered in rural village areas and is often a side-business for extra income or self consumption.

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Sentinel Poultry 
Healthy poultry that are not AI-vaccinated and placed in a vaccinated group/flock/stable/village of poultry in infected areas.
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Single farm system 
System of farm business that raises one type of livestock (un-mixed farming), for example poultry that is not mixed with a pig farm in one farming location/area.
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Stamping out 
Extermination of all poultry/animals suspected of (potentially) being infected by AI in newly AI-infected areas.
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Strain 
A group in one species or type. For example the influenza strain that has been circulating lately are type-A (H1N1), type-A (H3N2), and type B (H3N2).
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Stockpiling
Provision of medicine in large numbers to anticipate the possibility of a pandemic occurring.
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Surveillance 
Activities to establish the source of infection in a newly-infected area, its spread, disease zoning and virus behavior dynamics.
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Surveillance, Epidemiological
Systematic and continuous analysis of a disease or health problem and conditions that affect the occurrence, increase and spread of said disease or health problem, so that effective and efficient actions for handling it can be undertaken, through the process of collecting data, processing and spreading epidemiological information to health providers.
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Suspect case
A suspect case is a person suffering from an upper respiratory tract infection with symptoms of fever (temp > 38°C), cough, and/or sore throat and/or runny nose, coupled with one of the following circumstances:

• Having visited a poultry farm where avian influenza occurred in the last one week;
• Having been in contact with confirmed avian influenza case during transmission period
• Working in a laboratory that is handling avian influenza-suspect human or animal specimen

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Type-A Health Laboratories
Regional animal laboratories whose function is conducting investigations on animal diseases, which at this time are named Balai Penyidikan Penyakit Veteriner Regional (BPPVR) (Regional Veterinary Disease Investigation Hall). The number of BPPVR at this time is 7 labs, located in Medan, West Sumatera, Lampung, Yogyakarta, Sulawesi Selatan, Denpasar, and South Kalimantan.
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WHO 
World Health Organization.
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Zoning, Disease
Classifying areas into free areas, threatened areas and infected areas. Free areas are provinces or island areas that have not been infected by or areas where the existence of avian influenza has not been reported. Threatened areas are areas without reported cases, but with a direct land border with infected areas without natural barriers in between and which also import poultry production facilities from those infected areas. Infected areas are areas with avian influenza cases that have been diagnosed clinically, anatomical pathologically, epidemiologically and confirmed by laboratories.
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